马来西亚退休预算计算:保留本金 vs. 本金逐步减少

马来西亚退休预算计算:保留本金 vs. 本金逐步减少

在规划退休预算时,我们可以选择两种方式:

  1. 只花利息(保留本金):确保本金不会减少,仅依靠投资收益或存款利息支撑退休生活。
  2. 本金逐步减少:在退休期间逐步使用本金,直至预期寿命结束。

方案 1:只花利息(保留本金)

计算逻辑:

  • 目标是确保本金不减少,完全依靠投资回报或存款利息维持生活。
  • 假设年回报率 5%(相对保守),每年提取这 5% 作为退休生活费用。
  • 计算公式:

退休所需本金=每年生活费÷投资回报率退休所需本金 = 每年生活费 ÷ 投资回报率

示例计算(假设每月开销 RM5,000)

  • 每年需要 RM5,000 × 12 = RM60,000
  • 如果投资回报率是 5%/年(较保守),那么:

退休本金=

60,000        60,0000
———-  =  ————- = RM1,200,000
5%                0.05

结论:
如果希望仅靠投资回报生活,每月花 RM5,000,则需要 RM1,200,000 的本金,并以 5% 回报率 产生每年 RM60,000 的收入。

📌 不同支出水平所需本金(5% 投资回报)

每月支出 每年支出 需要本金(5%回报)
RM3,000 RM36,000 RM720,000
RM5,000 RM60,000 RM1,200,000
RM8,000 RM96,000 RM1,920,000
RM10,000 RM120,000 RM2,400,000

⚠️ 风险与注意事项

  • 5% 的回报率需要稳健投资(如股息股票、债券、房地产投资信托 REITs)。
  • 通货膨胀影响:30 年后 RM5,000 可能不够生活,因此需要 提高投资回报率增加本金
  • 适用于 保守型投资者,但需要大额本金(至少 RM1,200,000+)。

方案 2:本金逐步减少(用完退休金)

计算逻辑:

  • 假设退休年数 30 年(60 岁退休,活到 90 岁)。
  • 每年从本金中提取 固定金额,并考虑 投资回报
  • 使用 4% 规则(即每年提取本金 4%),确保资金不会过快耗尽。
  • 计算公式(等额提取):

退休所需本金=每年生活费×(1−(1+r)−Nr)

其中:

  • r = 年均投资回报率(5%)
  • N = 退休年数(30 年)
  • 每年支出 = RM60,000

示例计算(每月花 RM5,000,年回报 5%,30 年退休)

退休本金=

.                       (1−(1+0.05)−30)

计算后得出:RM920,000

📌 不同支出水平的本金需求(5% 回报,30 年)

每月支出 每年支出 需要本金(5% 回报,30 年)
RM3,000 RM36,000 RM550,000
RM5,000 RM60,000 RM920,000
RM8,000 RM96,000 RM1,470,000
RM10,000 RM120,000 RM1,840,000

结论:
如果你计划 30 年内用完资金,每月花 RM5,000,年回报 5%,你需要 RM920,000。相比于第一种方案(只花利息),需要的本金较少。

⚠️ 风险与注意事项

  • 如果 活超过 90 岁,本金可能会耗尽,需额外保障(如房产、政府退休金)。
  • 投资回报低于 5%,资金会更快用完。
  • 适用于 愿意逐步使用本金 的退休者。

两种方案对比总结

方案 计算方式 所需本金(每月 RM5,000 开销) 适合人群
只花利息(保留本金) 依靠 5% 投资回报 RM1,200,000 资金充足,不想动用本金
本金逐步减少 30 年内花完本金 RM920,000 退休资金有限,愿意使用本金

建议

  • 如果你有 RM1,200,000+,可以选择只花利息,确保长期稳定
  • 如果你预算有限(RM900,000 左右),可选择逐步减少本金,但需要做好长期规划。
  • 最理想的方案 是结合两种方法,例如:早期用利息生活,后期逐步动用本金,确保资金安全。

📌 如何提高退休资金?

  • 提早储蓄,增加 EPF & 额外投资。
  • 退休后仍然有一部分兼职收入(如 RM1,000 – RM2,000/月)。
  • 购买长期稳定的资产,如 房地产股息股票,提供额外现金流。

结论:你需要多少钱才能退休?

📌 目标:每月 RM5,000 退休开销

方案 需要本金
只花利息(5%回报) RM1,200,000
本金逐步减少(30年) RM920,000

如果你想要安稳退休,不动用本金,至少需要 RM1,200,000
如果愿意在 30 年内用完本金,则 RM920,000 可能足够

越早投资,退休就越轻松! 现在开始储蓄 & 投资,你的未来会更安心! 🚀

Important: The information and opinions in this article are for general information purposes only. They should not be relied on as professional financial advice. Readers should seek independent financial advice that is customised to their specific financial objectives, situations & needs.

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